Những người anh hùng thầm lặng
Dân Làm Báo - Hôm nay, trên Foreign Policy - tờ báo nổi tiếng và uy tín đăng bài viết của Tom Malinowski với nhan đề "Unsung Heroes" nói về những nhà bất đồng chính kiến can đảm nhất thế giới. Trong đó có tù nhân lương tâm Nguyễn Hữu Cầu. Mở đầu bài báo, ông Malinowski viết: "Những
nhà bất đồng chính kiến dũng cảm nhất của thế giới đang đeo đuổi công
cuộc đấu tranh chống lại bất công với sự chú ý rất ít từ thế giới bên
ngoài. Nhưng điều này không có nghĩa là họ không xứng đáng để được biết
đến..."
Trong danh sách những người phi thường không trở thành những tít lớn của báo chí - theo lời của Malinowski - người tù Nguyễn Hữu Cầu đã được viết như sau:
Nhà thơ và người vận động chống tham nhũng 65 tuổi Nguyễn Hữu Cầu đã
phải chịu tổng cộng 34 năm tù kể từ năm 1975 - lần đầu tiên từ năm 1975
đến năm 1980 trong một trại cải tạo, lần thứ hai từ năm 1982 cho đến
hiện tại vì việc ông phanh phui một vụ tham nhũng bởi chính quyền địa
phương. Ông bị chính thức kết án về tội là "phản động", một cáo buộc
nghiêm trọng, đặc biệt là vào những năm 1980 khi Việt Nam là một quốc
gia chủ yếu khép kín. Công tố viên trong phiên tòa xét xử là một trong
những quan chức mà ông đã cáo buộc tham nhũng. Chính quyền đã dùng các
bài hát và bài thơ ông đã viết như là bằng chứng cho những hoạt động
"phản động" của ông. Bản án nguyên thủy áp đặt cho ông là tử hình nhưng
bây giờ ông đang bị án tù chung thân. Ông gần như bị mù và đã hoàn toàn
bị điếc. Hình ảnh này là hình ảnh duy nhất có được của ông Nguyễn Hữu
Cầu. Ảnh được chụp cách đây vài năm trong một chuyến viếng thăm ông của
gia đình tại nhà tù.
* Tác giả Tom Malinowski cũng là Giám đốc đặc trách văn phòng Washington của tổ chức Giám sát Nhân Quyền Human Rights Watch.
*
Some of the world's bravest dissidents are pursuing their fight against
injustice with little attention from the outside world. But that doesn't
mean they aren't worth knowing about. Here's a list of remarkable
people who rarely make it into the headlines.
BY TOM MALINOWSKI | OCTOBER 3, 2012
Nguyen Huu Cau, Vietnam
Poet and anti-corruption campaigner Nguyen Huu Cau, 65, has served a
total of 34 years in prison since 1975 -- the first time from 1975-1980
in a re-education camp; the second time from 1982 till the present for
exposing corruption by local authorities. He was formally convicted of
the crime of being a “reactionary,” a serious charge, especially during
the 1980s when Vietnam was a largely closed country; the prosecutor in
his trial was one of the officials whom he had accused of corruption.
Authorities used songs and poems he wrote as evidence of his
“reactionary” activities. Originally sentenced to death, Nguyen Huu Cau
is now serving a life term. He has lost most of his vision and is almost
completely deaf. The only image available of Nguyen Huu Cau is shown
above. This photo was taken several years ago during a family visit to
the prison.
Ibrahim Sharif, Bahrain
The head of the National Democratic Action Society Wa’ad Party in Bahrain, Ibrahim Sharif played a leading role
in the pro-democracy protests last year and was imprisoned for the
crime of calling for a change in the island monarchy’s system of
government. He’s since been sentenced to five years in jail.
Most supporters of the opposition in Bahrain are members of its
disenfranchised Shiite Muslim community. But Sharif is a Sunni, as are
many members of his pro-reform political party. His existence, as an
opposition leader and political prisoner, undermines the Bahraini
government narrative that the crisis in the country is purely sectarian,
that the protest movement is part of an Iranian/Hezbollah plot to
establish a Shia theocracy, and that the country’s Sunni population is
unalterably opposed to compromise. That a prominent Sunni, with some
support in the Sunni community, is calling for constitutional monarchy
in Bahrain appears to have deeply embarrassed the hardliners around the
country’s king. Unfortunately, Sharif’s case has not gotten as much
attention as that of other prominent Shiite political prisoners in
Bahrain. Last month, a civilian appeals court upheld his sentence, along
with 19 others, even though Bahrain's Independent Commission of Inquiry
found that the evidence against them consisted of their speeches or
confessions extracted through torture.
Akzam Turgunov, Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan may be the one place in the world where the U.S. government
has eased its pressure on a dictatorship in the last few years --
because the Pentagon needs it in order to bring troops and supplies in
and out of Afghanistan. Meanwhile, Uzbek dissidents have faced growing
persecution. Akzam Turgunov has been detained
since 2008. He founded Mazlum (“The Oppressed”), a human rights
organization in Tashkent that advocates on behalf of political prisoners
and protests the use of torture. He also served as director of the
Tashkent section of Erk (“Freedom”), an opposition party. Prior to his
most recent detention, Turgunov was working as a lay public defender in
the autonomous region of Karakalpakstan, investigating corruption of
local officials. Turgunov was arrested on extortion charges by the very
police department he was investigating for corruption. They then held
him incommunicado for 18 days, during which time an officer poured
boiling water down his back, causing him to lose consciousness and
suffer severe burns. Though Turgunov revealed his burn marks in open
court, the judge accepted police statements that they had tortured
him, and also denied him the right to examine the evidence against him
or to cross-examine witnesses. He is serving a 10-year sentence in a
remote work camp, where he toils 12 hours a day making bricks.
Maria Lourdes Afiuni, Venezuela
In December 2009, Judge María Lourdes Afiuni granted conditional freedom
to a critic of the government who had spent nearly three years in
prison while awaiting trial on corruption charges. Venezuelan President
Hugo Chávez denounced her as a “bandit” and called for her to be given a
30-year prison sentence. Although Afiuni’s ruling was in response to a
recommendation by United Nations human rights monitors -- and was
consistent with Venezuelan law -- she was promptly arrested
and ordered to stand trial by a provisional judge who had publicly
pledged his loyalty to Chávez. (“I give my life for the Revolution,” he
wrote on the website of the president’s political party. “I would never
betray this process and much less my Commander.”) Afiuni spent more than
a year in prison in pretrial detention, in deplorable conditions,
together with convicted prisoners -- including many she herself had
sentenced -- who subjected her to repeated death threats. In the face of
growing criticism from international human rights bodies, Afiuni was
moved to house arrest in February 2011, where she remains today while
awaiting trial.
Bernard Ntaganda, Rwanda
As the imprisoned leader of an opposition party who ran for president of
Rwanda against Paul Kagame, the country’s long-serving ruler, Bernard
Ntaganda ought to be better known. But over the years, Kagame has played
on Western countries’ guilt over their failure to stop the 1994
genocide in Rwanda, and uses their praise for his skillful management of
Rwanda’s economy to obscure political repression at home. Ntaganda,
founding president of the PS-Imberakuri
opposition party, is one of several government critics, including two
journalists, who remain in prison solely for the legitimate expression
of their views. He was arrested in 2010 during a crackdown on opposition
parties, journalists, and other perceived government critics in the
period leading up to presidential elections in August of that year.
Charged with endangering national security, “divisionism,” and
attempting to organize demonstrations without authorization, he was
sentenced to four years in prison.
Vidadi Isganderov, Azerbaijan
Vidadi Isganderov, a lawyer by training, is the head of Support for
Protection of Democracy, a nongovernmental group in Azerbaijan that
carries out a wide range of human rights work. He defended the rights of
homeowners who had lost large sums of money to bogus construction
companies and also to victims of alleged police extortion. In 2011, he
was charged with (and found guilty of) interfering with the November
2010 parliamentary elections in Azerbaijan, and sentenced
to three years in prison. His real crime was running as a candidate in
those elections, and submitting a complaint to the police and
prosecutor’s office alleging vote-rigging in his district. Though he
provided credible evidence, including video footage, the authorities
failed to investigate them. Instead, they brought charges against him.
Gheyret Niyaz, China
On July 23, a Chinese court sentenced Gheyret Niyaz, an ethnic Uighur
journalist and the editor of a popular website called Uighurbiz, to 15
years in prison on charges of "endangering state security." What exactly
was Niyaz’s "crime"? Giving an interview to foreign media after the
July 2009 ethnic violence in Xinjiang, one of China’s least accessible
regions for journalists, diplomats, and independent observers. Niyaz
received this punishment even though he agreed with the Chinese
government's line that the violence had been sparked by outside
agitators. The government's clear message to journalists in Xinjiang:
Speak to foreign journalists at your peril. That same week, a Xinjiang court convicted three Uighur bloggers on the same charge. Dilshat Perhat, webmaster of Diyarim; Nureli, the webmaster of Salkinm; and Nijat Azat, webmaster of Shabnam, received sentences of five years, three years, and 10 years, respectively.
Muhammad Salih al-Bajady, Saudi Arabia
As democratic protest movements have swept across the Middle East, Saudi
Arabia has remained a bastion of conservative resistance to reform. In
2009, Muhammad Salih al-Bajady, a 35-year-old businessman, helped to
found the Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association, which the Saudi
government has not recognized. Al-Bajady worked to uncover human rights
violations in the Kingdom, including torture and arbitrary detention. He
was arrested on March 21, 2011 -- a day after he participated in a
peaceful protest in front of the Riyadh Interior Ministry for the
release of long-term detainees without trial -- and spent months in
solitary confinement. During his secret trial in early 2012, he was not
allowed legal counsel. He was found guilty of founding an unlicensed
human rights organization, and is serving a four-year sentence in al-Ha’ir prison, south of Riyadh.
Felip Karma, Indonesia
Indonesia has made tremendous progress towards democracy since the fall
of the Suharto regime in the late 1990s, so Western governments no
longer see it as a problem country for human rights. But it continues to
imprison about 100 people for exercising their right to freedom of
speech, mostly for peacefully advocating independence or autonomy for
certain regions of the country.
Filep Karma is a Papuan activist imprisoned for his longtime advocacy
for Papua's independence from Indonesia. He has spoken extensively
against the use of violence in protesting the Indonesian government. “We
want to engage in a dignified dialogue with the Indonesian government,"
he has written. "A dialogue between two peoples with dignity, and
dignity means we have no use of violence.” On December 1, 2004, Karma
helped organize a ceremony to mark the anniversary of Papua’s
independence from Dutch colonial rule. The event was attended by
hundreds of Papuan students, shouting “freedom!” and waving the Papuan
"Morning Star" flag. When protesters tried to raise the flag, security
forces disbanded the rally.
Karma was arrested. In 2005 he was found guilty of treason and sentenced
to 15 years imprisonment for organizing the pro-independence rally. In
November 2011, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
issued an opinion that the Indonesian government was violating
international law by detaining Karma, who suffers from severe health
problems, and called for his immediate release.
Mohamed al-Roken and Mohamed al-Mansoori, United Arab Emirates.
Since late March, the government of the United Arab Emirates has
arrested at least 25 members of the Reform and Social Guidance
Association (al-Islah), a nonviolent political association advocating
greater adherence to Islamic precepts. Two prominent human rights
lawyers, Mohammed al-Roken and Mohammed Mansoori, are among those
recently arrested
for “establishing and managing an organization with the aim of
committing crimes that harm state security.” Roken’s real offense
appears to be that he served as a defense lawyer to al-Islah members
detained without charge after they allegedly posted statements on an
internet forum critical of UAE leaders. Authorities have harassed
Mansoori, the deputy chairman of al-Islah and a former president of the
Jurists’ Association, for many years. They dismissed him from his
position as a legal adviser to the government of the Emirate of Ras Al
Khaimah in January 2010 after he gave a television interview in which he
criticized restrictions on freedom of speech. Yet no Western country
has publicly advocated for the two lawyers’ release. The UAE has gotten a
pass because of its oil wealth and important role in coalitions against
Iran, Syria, and Qaddafi’s Libya. Press attention has been poor
because, unlike elsewhere in the region, the UAE’s crackdown hasn’t
resulted in street protests.
Sapardurdy Khajiev and Annakurban Amankychev, Turkmenistan
For years, Turkmenistan’s dictatorship received occasional international
scrutiny not so much because of its cruelty, but because of its weirdness.
The country’s dictator, Saparmurat Niyazov, was famous for naming the
months of the year after members of his family, outlawing opera and
ballet, and filling the country with monuments to himself. Since his
death in 2006, Turkmenistan has gotten less attention but is no less
repressive. Sapardurdy Khajiev, 52, is associated with the Turkmen Helsinki Foundation,
a human rights group operating in exile in Bulgaria. He documented the
detention of political opponents and prison conditions in Turkmenistan.
Before his arrest in 2006, he was working with a French television
production company on a documentary on the cult of personality of the
Turkmen president, the inadequate education and health systems, and a
series of other human rights-related topics. In retribution for this
work, he was tried on fabricated charges of possession of illegal
weapons and sentenced to seven years in prison. Annakurban Amankychev
(shown above), 41, who was working with Khajiev on the documentary, was
also arrested and sentenced on the same charges.
Dawit Isaak, Eritrea
Novelist, playwright and journalist, Dawit Isaak, left Eritrea for
Sweden the first time in 1987 as a refugee. He gained Swedish
citizenship in 1992 and, when the civil war in Ethiopia ended and
Eritrea gained its independence in 1993 he returned, joining Eritrea’s
first independent newspaper, Setit. He was arrested on September 23,
2001 as part of a wide government crackdown on independent media and
leading politicians (the so-called G-15) who had publicly called on
President Isayas Afwerki to enact democratic reforms. Dawit is now
entering his twelfth year without formal charge or trial in an Eritrean
prison. In October 2005 he was released for three days only to be
detained again. Since then he has been held incommunicado with no access
to lawyers or his wife and three children. Conditions in Eritrean
prisons are terrible and torture is routine. Some of the other G-15
prisoners have died in custody since 2001. In 2011, Dawit was awarded
the Golden Pen of Freedom Award by the World Association of Newspapers.
The Swedish government has said it is working for Dawit’s release and a Swedish legal aid group has filed a habeas corpus case with the Eritrean Supreme Court.
No comments:
Post a Comment